Which learning theory explains that behaviors can be strengthened or weakened by consequences?

• A. Behaviorism
• B. Classical conditioning
• C. Operant conditioning
• D. Reinforcement

Answer: (C)

Operant conditioning explains how actions become more or less likely because of the consequences that follow them. If a behavior is followed by something rewarding, the likelihood of that behavior happening again increases; if it’s followed by something aversive or a punishment, that likelihood decreases. This is the mechanism behind shaping, reinforcement schedules, and extinction—learning that unfolds through consequences.

For example, praise or a reward for completing homework makes the student more likely to repeat that behavior, while a time-out for disruption makes that behavior less likely. This differs from classical conditioning, which links stimuli rather than shaping voluntary behavior through rewards and punishments. Reinforcement is a key part of this theory, but the broader framework that explains how consequences modify behavior is operant conditioning.