Which processes are fundamental to transferring information into long-term memory and retrieving it later?

• A. Encoding and retrieval.
• B. Sensory processing and rehearsal.
• C. Perception and attention.
• D. Summarization and rewriting.

Answer: (C)

The key idea here is that moving information into long-term memory and then getting it back relies on encoding and retrieval. Encoding is the process of turning experiences and sensory input into a memory trace that can be stored. Retrieval is the act of accessing that stored information later. Together, encoding sets up what gets stored, and retrieval allows you to use it when you need it. Perception and attention influence encoding by helping you notice and focus on what’s important, but they aren’t the complete processes that transfer into long-term memory or bring information back out. Techniques like summarization and rewriting can strengthen encoding, but the fundamental operations at play are encoding and retrieval.