Which term describes information about performance used to guide future learning actions?

• A. Metacognition
• B. Spacing
• C. Feedback
• D. Retrieval

Answer: (C)

Feedback is information about performance used to guide future learning actions. It flags what was done correctly and where understanding fell short, and it usually includes specific suggestions for the next steps you should take to improve. This makes it the primary mechanism that tells you how to adjust strategies, target weak spots, and plan your subsequent study or practice.

Metacognition is about thinking about your own thinking—planning, monitoring, and evaluating your understanding—rather than being the concrete information that directs the next learning move. Spacing concerns how you distribute study over time, not the guidance about what to do next based on performance. Retrieval is the act of recalling information from memory; while feedback can accompany retrieval to improve future recall, retrieval itself is not the information that guides future learning actions.